diff --git a/src/app/Fs/Item.php b/src/app/Fs/Item.php
--- a/src/app/Fs/Item.php
+++ b/src/app/Fs/Item.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Fs;
 
 use App\User;
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use App\Traits\UuidStrKeyTrait;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Casts\Attribute;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 class Item extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
     use SoftDeletes;
     use UuidStrKeyTrait;
 
@@ -165,14 +167,4 @@
             );
         }
     }
-
-    /**
-     * The user to which this item belongs.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/Mail/PasswordReset.php b/src/app/Mail/PasswordReset.php
--- a/src/app/Mail/PasswordReset.php
+++ b/src/app/Mail/PasswordReset.php
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
                 'short_code' => VerificationCode::generateShortCode(),
         ]);
 
+        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
         $code->user = new User([
               'email' => 'test@' . \config('app.domain'),
         ]);
diff --git a/src/app/Policy/RateLimit.php b/src/app/Policy/RateLimit.php
--- a/src/app/Policy/RateLimit.php
+++ b/src/app/Policy/RateLimit.php
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@
 
 namespace App\Policy;
 
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
 class RateLimit extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
+
     protected $fillable = [
         'user_id',
         'owner_id',
@@ -17,11 +20,6 @@
 
     public function owner()
     {
-        $this->belongsTo('App\User');
-    }
-
-    public function user()
-    {
-        $this->belongsTo('App\User');
+        $this->belongsTo(\App\User::class);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/SignupInvitation.php b/src/app/SignupInvitation.php
--- a/src/app/SignupInvitation.php
+++ b/src/app/SignupInvitation.php
@@ -5,20 +5,21 @@
 use Carbon\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use App\Traits\BelongsToTenantTrait;
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use App\Traits\UuidStrKeyTrait;
 
 /**
  * The eloquent definition of a signup invitation.
  *
- * @property string       $email
- * @property string       $id
- * @property ?int         $tenant_id
- * @property ?\App\Tenant $tenant
- * @property ?\App\User   $user
+ * @property string   $email
+ * @property string   $id
+ * @property ?int     $tenant_id
+ * @property ?int     $user_id
  */
 class SignupInvitation extends Model
 {
     use BelongsToTenantTrait;
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
     use UuidStrKeyTrait;
 
     // just created
@@ -74,14 +75,4 @@
     {
         return ($this->status & self::STATUS_SENT) > 0;
     }
-
-    /**
-     * The account to which the invitation was used for.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/Traits/BelongsToUserTrait.php b/src/app/Traits/BelongsToUserTrait.php
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/Traits/BelongsToUserTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Traits;
+
+trait BelongsToUserTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * The user to which this object belongs.
+     *
+     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
+     */
+    public function user()
+    {
+        return $this->belongsTo(\App\User::class);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/app/UserAlias.php b/src/app/UserAlias.php
--- a/src/app/UserAlias.php
+++ b/src/app/UserAlias.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App;
 
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
 /**
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@
  */
 class UserAlias extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
+
     /** @var array<int, string> The attributes that are mass assignable */
     protected $fillable = ['user_id', 'alias'];
 
@@ -25,14 +28,4 @@
     {
         $this->attributes['alias'] = \strtolower($alias);
     }
-
-    /**
-     * The user to which this alias belongs.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/UserPassword.php b/src/app/UserPassword.php
--- a/src/app/UserPassword.php
+++ b/src/app/UserPassword.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App;
 
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
 /**
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@
  */
 class UserPassword extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
+
     /** @var bool Indicates if the model should be timestamped. */
     public $timestamps = false;
 
@@ -26,14 +29,4 @@
 
     /** @var array<int, string> The attributes that should be hidden for arrays. */
     protected $hidden = ['password'];
-
-    /**
-     * The user to which this entry belongs.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/UserSetting.php b/src/app/UserSetting.php
--- a/src/app/UserSetting.php
+++ b/src/app/UserSetting.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App;
 
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
 /**
@@ -14,16 +15,8 @@
  */
 class UserSetting extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
+
     /** @var array<int, string> The attributes that are mass assignable */
     protected $fillable = ['user_id', 'key', 'value'];
-
-    /**
-     * The user to which this setting belongs.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/app/VerificationCode.php b/src/app/VerificationCode.php
--- a/src/app/VerificationCode.php
+++ b/src/app/VerificationCode.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App;
 
+use App\Traits\BelongsToUserTrait;
 use Carbon\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
@@ -12,12 +13,13 @@
  * @property string         $code        The code
  * @property \Carbon\Carbon $expires_at  Expiration date-time
  * @property string         $mode        Mode, e.g. password-reset
- * @property \App\User      $user        User object
  * @property int            $user_id     User identifier
  * @property string         $short_code  Short code
  */
 class VerificationCode extends Model
 {
+    use BelongsToUserTrait;
+
     // Code expires after so many hours
     public const SHORTCODE_LENGTH = 8;
 
@@ -70,14 +72,4 @@
         // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
         return $this->expires_at ? Carbon::now()->gte($this->expires_at) : false;
     }
-
-    /**
-     * The user to which this code belongs.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo
-     */
-    public function user()
-    {
-        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id', 'id');
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/tests/Unit/Mail/PasswordResetTest.php b/src/tests/Unit/Mail/PasswordResetTest.php
--- a/src/tests/Unit/Mail/PasswordResetTest.php
+++ b/src/tests/Unit/Mail/PasswordResetTest.php
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
                 'short_code' => 'short-code',
         ]);
 
+        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
         $code->user = new User([
                 'name' => 'User Name',
         ]);